Oral issues affect not only the teeth and gums, but also other soft tissues in the mouth. While you should visit a dentist any time you notice changes in how your tongue feels or looks, there are also ways you can diagnose minor problems at home. Here are a few of the more common conditions and their symptoms. 

What Problems Can a Tongue Develop?

1. Thrush

Oral thrush is caused by yeast that grows in the mouth and on the tongue. The condition leads white spots to form on the tongue, and these may cause discomfort if you touch them.

While most common in babies, thrush can also affect adults with weakened immune systems or those taking certain medications, such as antibiotics or inhaled asthma medicine. Doctors prescribe antifungal medications for treatment. 

2. Leukoplakia 

Leukoplakia also causes white patches to form on the tongue and mouth. This condition is most often caused by smoking, but it can also occur due to excessive alcohol consumption, oral injuries, or dentures that don’t fit properly.

In most cases, leukoplakia goes away on its own, but you should still get a dentist’s opinion. In rare instances, it could be a sign of cancer.

3. Black Hairy Tongue

Poor oral care can cause cavities, gum disease, and a black hairy tongue. While this may sound like something out of science fiction, it’s a real oral affliction that causes minor discomfort, mostly due to its appearance.

Antibiotics, excessive coffee or tea consumption, and smoking are also linked to this condition. The good news is that proper oral hygiene, including the use of a tongue scraper, is usually enough to restore the appearance of the area.

4. Lichen Planus

Problems with immune system function can lead to lichen planus, a condition that results in skin irritation throughout the body. It causes white patches and painful sores on the tongue, lips, and cheeks.

If the infection doesn’t clear on its own, you may be prescribed antihistamines, corticosteroids, or anti-infection medications.