Whether you are constructing a building or road, having a geoscientist determine the type of soil that you will be working with is necessary. Each type has unique qualities that can significantly affect construction projects, with some varieties being unable to support the weight of a structure. If you want to learn more about some of the most common soil types and their properties, here is a brief guide.

How Does Soil Type Affect Construction?

1. Clay

Clay consists of small, dense particles that absorb water easily, causing the ground to expand as it gets wet. While this is perfect for crafting pots and other items, the wet clay in the ground can easily move around. This shifting underneath a building foundation or road puts excess pressure on the stone materials, causing them to crack. When possible, avoid construction projects directly on top of clay. 

2. Silt

Silt contains small particles that absorb moisture easily and retain it for long periods. Similarly to clay, the moisture causes the ground to expand. However, it will also contract violently when the material dries, causing large cracks to form in a foundation. This material is not ideal for building large structures or roads.

3. Sand

While the particle sizes of sand differs wildly, it functions similarly to gravel. These materials do not absorb moisture, allowing water to drain easily into the ground. This makes it an excellent material for buildings near water, as the risk of flooding is low.

However, over time, sand particles can become slick and wash away, leaving gaps underneath the foundation. When consulting with a geoscientist, they will recommend installing helical piers to keep the foundation stable in sand. 

4. Rock

Depending on your location, you may find a large source of limestone, sandstone, shale, or bedrock in the ground. If the rock layer is level, the structure that you build on it will be extremely sturdy. There is also no soil directly beneath your foundation, so shifting and erosion problems are minimal. However, a smart, reliable drainage system is necessary to prevent water from pooling around your structure.

5. Loam

Loam is a combination of sand, clay, and silt. It is soft, dark, and crumbles in your fingers. According to geoscientists, this balance of different soil types makes it ideal for building. Water drains easily through the material, while the soil sticks in place to support the foundation. It also does not expand and shrink depending on the moisture level.

When you need reliable, efficient testing for your soil, contact Geotek Alaska in Anchorage. These geoscientists specialize in acquiring subsurface data for geotechnical and environmental purposes. They use smaller tools and rigs, allowing them to access remote areas of the state. They use the latest Geoprobe® technology to probe the soil with sensors without soil removal or drilling needed. Visit the website to learn more about their services, and call (907) 569-5900 to schedule an appointment.