In 2014 to 2015 the main Hawaiian Islands experienced a strong ocean warming event that resulted in the bleaching and deaths of large proportions of the state’s coral reefs. Most heavily-affected areas included the West Hawaii and South Maui Coasts. In West Hawaii, it was estimated that 46% of coral cover was lost as a result of the extended ocean warming event. 

The warming event of 2014-15 was the net result of the overlap of three oscillating Pacific Ocean climatic phenomena, all of which have potential to warm Hawaiian waters. A strong El Nino, a slow North Pacific Gyre and a warming Pacific Decadal Oscillation all peaked in 2014-15 such that thermal stress on Hawaii’s reefs was strong. 

While reef recovery has proceeded in the intervening years (2016-2019), in fact, decades (even centuries) are required for full recovery of coral reefs. An further warming event in late-Summer, 2019 exacerbated the threat that the state’s reefs are experiencing. 

Coral Reef decline is the result of a broad spectrum of stressors that include warming oceans, ocean acidification, sediment runoff, nutrient run-off, invasive species, predation of herbivorous fish and use of oxybenzone-containing sunscreens (recently-banned in Hawaii). One philosophy in addressing coral reef decline locally is to address those specific issues that we have control of locally. One could argue then that the state might have greatest success in targeting local reef stressors rather than attacking stressors of global origin.

The State of Hawaii, to address this challenge, has undertaken a new commitment entitled “Hawai’I 30 by 30 Oceans Target”. The goal of this program is to protect and stabilize 30% of the State’s coral reefs by the Year 2030. Research has shown that “at least 30% of nearshore reef areas are necessary to sustain the productivity of a reef area like the Main Hawaiian Islands”. 

Beginning in 2019 the State of Hawaii began the process of identifying the suitable areas to protect and the mechanisms by which these areas may be protected. Surprisingly, some of the most effective methods of protecting reefs will be land-based! Controlling erosion of sediments and nutrients onto reefs represents one of the most important ways that reefs may be protected. Further, establishment of Marine Protected areas (MPAs) where certain activities (fishing, taking, diving, etc) may be regulated will also be implemented. All recommendations however will be assembled through a process of discussion that will involve stakeholders.

Stay tuned for further developments in Hawaii’s 30-by-30 Initiative. Aquatic Life Divers will strive to participate in the process and keep you informed when you are on our boats. 

(Pictured is Cauliflower coral [Pocillopora meandrina]- one of the most heavily-impacted of Hawaii's coral species)